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CONCLUSIONS

While roaming internationally, different network configuration options can affect performance of various applications for the end user. In practice, although there are three possible solutions (i.e., HR, LBO or IHBO), we find that HR is the norm for the MNOs we measured. This comes with performance penalties on the roaming user, who experiences increased delay and appears to the public internet as being connected in the home country. This has further implications in the selection of Content Delivery Network (CDN) server replica when roaming abroad, because the mobile user will access a server in the home network rather than one close to their location. However, at the same time, the roaming user is still able to access (in majority of cases) the geo-restricted services from the home country in her native language.

国际漫游时，不同的网络配置选项会影响最终用户各类应用的性能。实践中，尽管存在三种可能的解决方案（即HR（归属路由）、LBO（本地疏导）或IHBO（IPX枢纽疏导）），我们发现HR是我们所测移动网络运营商（MNO）的普遍做法。这给漫游用户带来了性能上的代价，他们会经历更高的延迟，并且在公共互联网看来像是连接在其归属国。这对在国外漫游时选择内容分发网络（CDN）服务器副本有进一步影响，因为移动用户将访问其归属网络的服务器，而非靠近其当前位置的服务器。然而，与此同时，漫游用户（在大多数情况下）仍能以其母语访问来自其归属国的受地理限制的服务。

However, at the same time, the roaming user is still able to access (in majority of cases) the geo-restricted services from the home country in her native language

当用户在国外漫游时，他们通常仍然能够访问那些原本仅限于其本国境内才能使用的、有地理位置限制的网络服务，并且这些服务通常会以用户的母语（即本国语言）提供

假设一个德国用户在西班牙漫游

  • 他想观看一个仅限德国境内IP才能观看的德国体育赛事直播网站
  • 由于 采用的是归属路由，他的手机上网流量会先从西班牙传回德国的运营商网络，然后再通过德国的IP地址访问 该体育网站
  • 该体育网站检测到的是一个德国IP地址，于是判定该用户在德国境内，允许观看。
  • 网站内容自然是德语的

We put these results in perspective while trying to also speculate on the commercial implications of the “Roam like Home” initiative. As regulation reduces the ability of MNOs to compete on price, the subscribers’ quality of experience will potentially become a key factor in choosing a provider. The subscribers will increasingly start to compare the roaming experience to the home experience. Thus, an expectation of high quality, always-on services in a visited network follows and if a home network fails to deliver in the visited network, the risk of churn increases. To this end, LBO is a natural step for an IP-based service, and could offer lower operational cost, and cheaper tariffs for data, while at the same time we have shown this can eliminate delay and potentially increase capacity for some traffic (dependent on the destination). Although LBO relies on access to the infrastructure of the visited network which can have implications on service control and charging, offering this could act in the advantage of the first operators to provide the service. Furthermore, in some cases, under the “Roam like Home” paradigm, some users may purchase SIMs from abroad to use in their country under permanent roaming conditions.

我们在审视这些结果的同时，也尝试推测“漫游如在家”（Roam like Home）倡议的商业影响。随着法规降低了MNO在价格上竞争的能力，用户的体验质量可能成为选择运营商的关键因素。用户将日益开始比较漫游体验与归属地体验。因此，用户期望在到访网络中获得高质量、始终在线的服务，如果归属网络未能在到访网络中提供这样的服务，客户流失的风险就会增加。为此，LBO是基于IP服务的一个自然发展方向，它可以提供更低的运营成本和更便宜的数据资费，同时我们也已证明这可以消除延迟并可能增加某些流量的容量（取决于目的地）。尽管LBO依赖于对到访网络基础设施的访问，这可能对服务控制和计费产生影响，但率先提供此服务的运营商可能会因此获得优势。此外，在某些情况下，根据“漫游如在家”的模式，一些用户可能会从国外购买SIM卡，在其本国以永久漫游的方式使用。